INTERGROUP ETHNONATIONAL CONFLICT - RESOLVING KOSOVO'S GORDIAN KNOT
Abstract
Research Paper
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37458/ssj.5.3.4
The Kosovo conflict is a frozen intergroup ethnonational conflict, historically long-lasting, complex, and burdened with accumulated conflicting interests and stereotypes. By relying on several analytical instruments, work in the paper focuses on determining the typology of conflict and its characteristics. Based on Hofstede's scale of cultural factors, the components of the strategic culture of Albanians and Serbs have been determined, which determines their attitude toward resolving the conflict. The essential preconditions for establishing the environment necessary to create a sustainable solution to the conflict are presented. The Circle model was the basis for a hypothetical answer to the Kosovo conflict that would lead to a stable and mutually acceptable solution. With all the limitations and generalizations of this complex conflict, the paper provides a general framework for the possible "intersection" of the Kosovo conflict, a kind of Gordian knot in the Balkans.
References
Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Anastasiou, H. (2008). The broken olive branch: Nationalism, ethnic conflict and the quest for peace in Cyprus. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Bar-On, D. (2005). “Empirical criteria for reconciliation in practice.” Intervention, 3 (3), pp. 180-191.
Blagojevic, M. (2000). “The Migration of Serbs from Kosovo during the 1970s and 1980s: Trauma and/or Catharsis.” In Popov, N. (Ed.). The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Burgess, H. and Burgess, M. G. (1997). Encyclopedia of conflict resolution. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Deutsch, M. (1958). "Trust and suspicion." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2 (4), pp. 265–279.
Duckitt J. (1992). The Social Psychology of Prejudice. New York: Praeger.
Folger, P. J., Poole, S. M. and Stutman, K. R. (1993). Working through conflict: Strategies for relationships, groups, and organizations (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Furlong, T. G. (2005). The conflict resolution toolbox: models & maps for analyzing, diagnosing, and resolving conflict. Mississauga: John Wiley & Sons Canada.
Gomez, C. and Taylor, A. K. (2018). “Cultural differences in conflict resolution strategies: A U S–Mexico comparison.” International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, Vol. 18(1), рр. 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595817747638
Greenhalgh L. (1986). “Managing Conflict.” Sloan Management Review 27, No. 6, pp. 45–51.
GRS - The Government of the Republic of Serbia (2013). "Brussels Agreement." https://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice/en/120394, 15/10/2021. (Accessed: 12 Septembre 2022).
Hofstede Insights (2022). “Compare countries.” Culture Compass. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/fi/product/compare-countries/ (Accessed: May 3, 2022).
Lewicki, J. R., Barry, B. and Saunders, M. D. (2016). Essentials of negotiation: sixth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Lulzim N. (2018). “The Democratic Values of the Student Movement in Kosovo 1997/1999 and Their Echoes in Western Diplomacy.” Review of European Studies, Vol. 10. No. 2, pp. 167-174.
Mitrović, M. (2022).“The paper on the strategic communication on the Kosovo-Metohija security issue.” Vojno delo, 2/22, pp. II 127 – II 142. http:/ 0.5937/vojdelo2203127M/
Nikolić, L. (2003). “Ethnic Prejudices and Discrimination: The Case of Kosovo.” In Bieber, F. and Daskalovski Ž. (Eds.). Understanding the war in Kosovo. London: Frank Cass Publishers, pp. 51-73.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, V. (2008). “Potential for the use of informal mechanisms and responses to the Kosovo conflict – Serbian perspective.” In Aertsen, I., Arsovska, J., Rohne, H-C., Valinas, M. and Vanspauwen K. (Eds.). Restoring Justice after Large-scale Violent Conflicts. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp. 157-182.
OUN - United Nations (2006). “UN Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes.” Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Raduški, N. (1997). “Neke demografske odlike nacionalnih manjina u SRJ Jugoslaviji.” [“Some demographic characteristics of national minorities in FRY Yugoslavia.”] Teme, 20 (3-4), pp. 239-253.
Rohne, H-C., Arsovska, J. and Aertsen, I. (2008). "Challenging restorative justice - state-based conflict, mass victimization and the changing nature of warfare." In Aertsen, I., Arsovska, J., Rohne, H-C., Valinas, M. and Vanspauwen K. (Eds.). Restoring Justice after Large-scale Violent Conflicts. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp. 3-45.
Ross, M. H. (2007). Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
RSE - Radio slobodna Evropa (2021). “Vučić i Kurti bez dodirnih tačaka.” ["Vučić and Kurti have no common points."] RSE, 15. Jun 2021. Available at: https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/vučić-i-kurti-u-briselu-o-dijalogu-srbije-i-kosova/31306467.html (Accessed: 3 March 2022).
Sotirovic, B. V. (2014). “Kosovo & Metohija: Ten years after the 'March pogrom' 2004.” Serbian Political Thought, No. 1, year 21, vol. 43, pp. 267-283.
Stavenhagen R. (1996). Ethnic conflicts and the nation-state. Hampshire, and London: Macmillan Press Ltd./ New York: St. Martin's Press.
Subotić, M. (2021). “ (Non)Achievability of certain national interests proclaimed by the national security strategy of the Republic of Serbia”, [Милован Суботић, “(Не)Достижност одређених националних интереса прокламованих стратегијом националне безбедности Републике Србије.”] Политика националне безбедности, Година XII, vol. 20, број 1/2021. стр. 55-73. https://doi.org/10.22182/pnb.2012021.4
Subotić, M. and Mitrović, M. (2018). “Hybrid nature of extremism – cohesive characteristics of ethnonationalism and religious extremism as generators of Balkan insecurity.” Vojno delo, 1/18, pp. 22-33. https://doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1801022S
Subotić, R. M. (2017). “Extremism of Kosmete Extremism of Kosmete Albanians: supremacy of ethno-nationalism over religious extremism.” National Interest, Year XIII, vol. 30, No. 3 pp. 221-237. [Суботић, Р. М. “Екстремизам косметских Албанаца: супремација етнонационализма над верским екстремизмом,” Национални интерес/, Година XIII, vol. 30, Број 3, стр. 221-237]. https://doi.org/10.22182/ni.3032017.10
Subotić, R. M. (2019). "Between Serbian and Orthodox: Nation and confession 800 years after the autocefality of Serbian Orthodox Church.” Culture of Polis (Special edition 2), year XVI, pp. 77-93. [Суботић, Р. М. “Између Српства и Православља: однос нације и конфесије 800 година након признања аутокефалности СПЦ.” Култура полиса, год. XVI, посебно издање 2, стр. 77-93].
Trbovich, S. A. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia’s Disintegration. New York: Oxford University Press.
Woehrel, S. (1999). “Kosovo: Historical Background to the Current Conflict.” CRS Report for Congress, 3 Јune 1999. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RS20213.pdf (Accessed: June 10, 2022).
Zdravković, M. (2021). “The causes of the first conflicts between Serbs and Albanians throughout history." National Interest, vol. 40, No. 2, pp.183-204. [Здравковић, М. (2021) “Узроци првих сукоба Срба и Албанаца кроз историју,” Национални интерес, vol. 40, број 2, стр. 183-204]. https://doi.org/10.22182/ni.4022021.8
SSJ conforms to open access (OA) policy. SSJ - Security Science JournalTM
